钻井现场安全监督系统研发及应用

基于钻井现场安全监督在管控钻井作业风险中的重要性和当前钻井安全监督能力方面的缺陷,采用信息化手段,提出了钻井现场安全监督系统整体架构设计和数据库建设思路,介绍了系统功能和应用情况,结果表明:该系统能够显著提高钻井现场监督工作质量,实现钻井现场安全事故的有效控制。     

Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极的研制及处理有机废水的研究

通过涂覆热分解法制备了Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2、Ti/RuO_2电极材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和循环伏安(CV)对电极材料进行表征,考察了电流密度、Na Cl质量浓度、p H值及电极间距对废水COD降解率的影响。结果表明,Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2电极对COD具有更高的降解率,对其进行工艺优化。电极材料对废水降解的最佳工艺条件为电流密度40 m A/cm2,Na Cl质量浓度4 g/L,p H=5. 0,电极间距10 mm,COD的降解率达到90. 5%。Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2电极中SnO_2与RuO_2生成固溶体,有利于增强涂层与基体之间的结合力,提高电极的稳定性; ZrO_2起到细化晶粒的作用,致使电极表面粗糙度增加,增强了电极的电催化性能,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型。     

Preliminary investigation of phosphorus adsorption onto two types of iron oxide-organic matter complexes

Iron oxide(FeO)coated by natural organic matter(NOM)is ubiquitous.The associations of minerals with organic matter(OM)significantly changes their surface properties and reactivity,and thus affect the environmental fate of pollutants,including nutrients(e.g.,phosphorus(P)).In this study,ferrihydrite/goethite-humic acid(FH/GE–HA)complexes were prepared and their adsorption characteristics on P at various p H and ionic strength were investigated.The results indicated that the Fe O–OM complexes showed a decreased P adsorption capacity in comparison with bare Fe O.The maximum adsorption capacity(Q_(max))decreased in the order of FH(22.17 mg/g)FH-HA(5.43 mg/g)GE(4.67 mg/g)GE-HA(3.27 mg/g).After coating with HA,the amorphous FH–HA complex still showed higher P adsorption than the crystalline GE–HA complex.The decreased P adsorption observed might be attributed to changes of the Fe O surface charges caused by OM association.The dependence of P adsorption on the specific surface area of adsorbents suggests that the Fe O component in the complexes is still the main contributor for the adsorption surfaces.The P adsorptions on Fe O–HA complexes decreased with increasing initial p H or decreasing initial ionic strength.A strong dependence of P adsorption on ionic strength and p H may demonstrate that outer-sphere complexes between the OM component on the surface and P possibly coexist with inner-sphere surface complexes between the Fe O component and P.Therefore,previous over-emphasis on the contributions of original minerals to P immobilization possibly over-estimates the P loading capacity of soils,especially in humic-rich areas.     

臭氧流化床深度处理焦化废水尾水过程中有机组分变化分析

焦化废水处理工程中,经过生物和混凝处理后,排放到环境中的尾水COD处于(85±20)mg·L-1范围内,这部分COD主要由一些难生物降解的物质构成,对水体环境造成污染,也给水回用带来了技术上的难度.为实现尾水中残留有机物的进一步削减,降低其在环境当中的危害,采用臭氧流化床反应器对焦化废水尾水进行深度处理并通过三维荧光光谱仪以及气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析其水质组成的变化.结果表明:尾水在反应过程中,投加的臭氧量与降解的COD之间的比值(O3(kg)/COD(kg))随反应时间的延长不断增大;当pH=10时,COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为51.5%,87.3%和85.0%,去除效果优于pH=7和pH=5条件下的反应;臭氧氧化能够有效分解尾水中类色氨酸、类溶解性微生物副产物、类腐植酸和类酪氨酸物质;经臭氧氧化后,焦化废水尾水中一些难生物降解的有机物得到了部分或完全去除,转化为一些新的有机物,如烷烃、苯甲醇、己酸等物质.研究结果证明,影响尾水的臭氧氧化效率涉及反应器结构、废水溶液性质和反应条件.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China

The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste(EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56–567 ng/g in the soils and 181–3034 ng/g in the sediments.The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources,but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

固定床活性炭干法烟气脱硫过程的模拟研究

采用流程模拟软件对固定床活性炭干法烟气脱硫过程进行模拟,并用已公开发表的文献实验数据进行了模型验证。模型验证结果与文献值吻合较好。利用该模型对活性炭干法烟气脱硫过程进行模拟研究,探讨了脱硫过程中床层高度、进口烟气中SO_2质量浓度、吸附温度等工艺参数对SO_2脱除率的影响。模拟结果表明:随床层高度增加,SO_2脱除率提高;随进口烟气中SO_2质量浓度增加,SO_2脱除率提高;在吸附温度为100~160℃的范围内,随吸附温度升高,SO_2脱除率逐渐下降。     

石油开采区域生态环境质量综合评价研究

石油开采在规模不断扩张的同时,也造成了大面积的采区环境污染,严重降低了生态环境质量.为探索石油开采区域生态环境质量综合评价的有效方法,通过对石油开采区域生态环境质量及综合评价现状的分析,精选指标构建了石油开采区域生态环境质量的综合评价指标体系,利用专家调查法确定了各评价指标的相对权值,并构建了石油开采区域生态环境质量模糊综合评价模型,选择胜利油田某采区进行了综合评价的应用研究,对模糊综合评价模型的有效性进行了验证.     

基于GMM模型的山东省能源消费主要驱动因素分析研究

山东省是中国的经济大省和人口大省,更是能源消费最大的省份.本文运用广义矩阵模型(GMM)对2000-2014年间山东省能源消费的驱动因素进行分析,结果表明:山东省能源消费总量呈不断上升趋势,各驱动因素中人口规模影响最大,其次为城市化水平和第二产业比重,对外贸易与GDP增长影响较小且都为负效应.因此,依靠相关法律法规合理控制人口增长和城市化进程有利于减少能源消费水平.本文根据最新统计数据深入研究山东省能源消费的主要驱动.     

混凝沉淀工艺处理餐厨废水的研究

通过单因素试验考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)对餐厨废水生化处理出水中COD、TP的去除效果,并确定了絮凝沉淀最佳工艺条件:最优絮凝剂为PFS,最佳投加量为450 mg/L,絮凝反应时间为30 min,PAM投加量为0.6 mg/L,PAM投加时间为距离PFS投加后至少l min.在最佳工艺条件下,COD、TP平均去除率可分别达36％、83％,此时絮体体积比为13％.